Differences and Advantages Between 32-bit (x86) VS 64-bit (x64) Windows Vista

Differences and Advantages Between 32-bit (x86) VS 64-bit (x64) Windows Vista

Each editions of Windows Vista operating system is available in both 32-bit and 64-bit versions (x86 anx x64 are terms used by Microsoft), making 64-bit OS option now a widely available choice. And with almost all CPU processor and motherboard nowadays is x64 based which capable of running 64-bit OS, it presents hard decision to consumers to decide and pick whether 32-bit or 64-bit versions of Windows Vista is suitable choice.

Microsoft publishes KB946765 which details the main differences between 32-bit and 64-bit Windows Vista, which mainly relate to memory accessibility, memory management, and enhanced security features, as listed in table below.

Architecture	Windows Vista, 32-bit versions	Windows Vista, 64-bit versions
System requirements	1-gigahertz (GHz) 32-bit (x86) processor or 64-bit (x64) processor, 512 MB of RAM	1-GHz 64-bit (x64) processor, 1 GB of RAM (4 GB recommended)
Memory access	A 32-bit version of Windows Vista can access up to 4 GB of RAM.	A 64-bit version of Windows Vista can access from 1 GB of RAM to more than 128 GB of RAM.
Memory access per edition	All 32-bit versions of Windows Vista can access up to 4 GB of RAM.	Windows Vista Home Basic – 8 GB of RAM Windows Vista Home Premium – 16 GB of RAM Windows Vista Business – 128 GB of RAM or more Windows Vista Enterprise – 128 GB of RAM or more Windows Vista Ultimate – 128 GB of RAM or more
DEP	32-bit versions of Windows Vista use a software-based version ofDEP.	64-bit versions of Windows Vista support hardware-backed DEP.
Kernel Patch Protection (PatchGuard)	This feature is not available in 32-bit versions of Windows Vista.	This feature is available in 64-bit versions of Windows Vista. KernelPatch Protection helps prevent a malicious program from updating the Windows Vista kernel. This feature works by helping to prevent a kernel-mode driver from extending or replacing other kernel services. Also, this feature helps prevent third-party programs from updating (patching) any part of the kernel.
Driver signing	Unsigned drivers may be used with 32-bit versions of Windows Vista.	64-bit versions of Windows Vista require that all device drivers be digitally signed by the developer.
32-bit driver support	32-bit versions of Windows Vista support 32-bit drivers that are designed for Windows Vista.	64-bit versions of Windows Vista do not support 32-bit device drivers.
16-bit program support	32-bit versions of Windows Vistasupport 16-bit programs, in part.	64-bit versions of Windows Vista do not support 16-bit programs.

If you value the benefits and advantages of switching and embracing 64-bit Windows Vista, here's a few considerations to ponder before making the move to install x64 Windows Vista:

• 64-bit device drivers may not be available for one or more devices in the computer.
• Device drivers must be digitally signed.
• 32-bit device drivers are not supported.
• 32-bit programs may not be fully compatible with a 64-bit operating system.
• It may be difficult to locate programs that are written specifically for a 64-bit operating system.
• Not all hardware devices may be compatible with a 64-bit version of Windows Vista.

Top 50 Questions of Basic C programming

 Top 50 Questions of Basic C programming

Here I am discussing top 50 questions of basic C programming asked in the technical interview. Prepare these question before appearing in the interview.

   1. Write a program to print numbers from 1 to 100 without using loops
   2. Write a C program to swap two variables without using a temporary variable.
   3. What is the 8 queens problem? Write a C program to solve it?
   4. Write a C program to print a square matrix helically.
   5. Write a C program to reverse a string.
   6. Write a C program to reverse the words in a sentence in place.
   7. Write a C program generate permutations.
   8. Write a C program for calculating the factorial of a number.
   9. Write a C program to calculate pow(x,n)?
  10. Write a C program which does wildcard pattern matching algorithm.
  11. How do you calculate the maximum sub array of a list of numbers?
  12. How to generate fibonacci numbers? How to find out if a given number is a Fibonacci number or not? Write C programs to do both.
  13. Solve the Rat In A Maze problem using backtracking.
  14. What Little-Endian and Big-Endian? How can I determine whether a machine's byte order is big-endian or little endian? How can we convert from one to another?
  15. Write C code to solve the Tower of Hanoi problem.
  16. Write C code to return a string from a function.
  17. Write a C program which produces its own source code as its output.
  18. Write a C program to convert from decimal to any base (binary, hex, oct etc…).
  19. Write C code to check if an integer is a power of 2 or not in a single line?
  20. Write a C program to find the GCD of two numbers.
  21. Write code to remove duplicates in a sorted array.
  22. Find the maximum of three integers using the ternary operator.
  23. How do you initialize a pointer inside a function?
  24. Write C code to dynamically allocate one, two and three dimensional arrays (using malloc()).
  25. How would you find the size of structure without using sizeof()?
  26. Write a C program to multiply two matrices.
  27. Write a C program to check for palindromes.
  28. Write a C program to convert a decimal number into a binary number.
  29. Write C code to implement the Binary Search algorithm.
  30. Write code to evaluate a polynomial.
  31. Write code to add two polynomials.
  32. Write a program to add two long positive numbers (each represented by linked lists).
  33. How do you compare floating point numbers?
  34. What's a good way to implement complex numbers in C?
  35. How can I display a percentage-done indication on the screen?
  36. Write a program to check if a given year is a leap year or not?
  37. Is there something we can do in C but not in C++?
  38. How to swap the two nibbles in a byte ? How to generate the next prime after a given prime?
  39. How to scan a string till we hit a new line using scanf()?
  40. Write pseudocode to compare versions (like 115.10.1 vs 115.11.5).
  41. How do you get the line numbers in C?
  42. Write your own sqrt() function in C.
  43. Write a simple piece of code to split a string at equal intervals.
  44. Is there a way to multiply matrices in lesser than o(n^3) time complexity?
  45. How do you find out if a machine is 32 bit or 64 bit?
  46. Write a program to have the output go two places at once (to the screen and to a file also).
  47. How can we sum the digits of a given number in single statement?
  48. Given two strings A and B, how would you find out if the characters in B were a subset of the characters in A?
  49. Write a program to merge two arrays in sorted order, so that if an integer is in both the arrays, it gets added into the final array only once.
  50. Write your own trim() or squeeze() function to remove the spaces from a string.